【甜心一包養網毛國平易近】朱熹《家禮》百姓化及其對清代的影響

Keywords: “Family Gifts”; People’s Transformation; Influence; Qing Dynasty

Author Introduction: Mao, Anhui, unrestrained, male, (1971.12—), a median researcher at the Guangdong Foreign Trade Foreign Trade Foreign Civilization Research Institute, vice president, doctor, and professor of the School of Political Science and Public Governance, and is a professor at the Zhu Xi Tribute Research Institute.

In the context of the social transformation of the Tang and Song dynasties, the “ancient gifts are lost” [①] due to the grand changes in social structure and the changes in concepts across the ages. Therefore, Zhu Xi used the “Three Gifts” as the source and the “Jian Gift” as the basis to compile the “Family Gift”. Through its recent efforts and “realistic nature”, the transformation of “family gifts” from “privileged gifts” to “people’s gifts”. Due to the great influence of the author Zhu Xi, the appropriate and simple content of the “Family Gift” and the strong promotion of the official ideas of later dynasties such as the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the ultimate conspiracy of “Family Gift” in the establishment of the family system. According to historical evidence, “Family Gifts” was once sold, which was promoted by later generations. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was upgraded to the national standard for national quotations. In the Ming Dynasty, it adopted national quotations, indicating that the whole country and general public, and officially completed its classical advancement.

However, “Family Gift” was passed down to the Qing Dynasty, and it was more than four hundred years later, due to the changes in social structures and the trans-eramental changes in family and family conceptsExtraordinary, whether the Qing people could still follow the “Family Gift” and whether they could be continued to be pursued as official ideas by the rulers of the “Extraordinary Tribes” are all issues worth exploring.

1. “Family Gift” has a profound impact on the family system in the Qing Dynasty

As we all know, family system and family concepts are deeply influenced by the customs and civilizations of various ethnic groups, and the differences in family gifts and family ethics are very large. The rulers and the legal system and the tribute rules they adopted also have an invaluable impact on people’s family career and family concepts, especially in the era of specialized dynasties. In this way, the grand differences in the customs of the Han people, and the people who belong to a few groups have become the main body of the rulers, can the Qing Dynasty officials pursue the family system and family concepts that are strengthened to the vast majority of the Han people’s careers, or continue to adopt the “Family Gift” of the Han people who have been internalized in their hearts for a long time, these are all obstacles that must be overcome in front of the early Qing Dynasty.

(I) The Qing Dynasty rulers were unable to extricate the influence of “Family Gifts”

By the Qing Dynasty, in order to fully integrate Han and consolidate political power, the Qing Dynasty had to apply Han civilization and use Han people to worship the people, but in order to ensure the unique characteristics of the Full clan, the royal family still preserved the full clan family gifts. However, the family system outside the royal family mostly follows Zhu Zi’s “Family Gift”, or perhaps uses the “Family Gift” that cuts off his family based on Zhu Zi’s “Family Gift”.

Of course, books such as “Family Gifts” and “Books” began to become more complicated due to the changes in the times, and the period was different, so scholars and officials could follow it, which was difficult to impose them on the common people. Therefore, on June 23, the emperor issued an order to “conquer the whole sea and make all the people approach, and prevent their extravagance and save their desolation”, so he needed to “conquer the feelings and make sacrifices according to humanity” [②]. The Qing dynasty “don’t just organize the gifts of the country and the family details, even if the language and writing matters are not detailed, it is more important. He once established a book called “Annotations of the Ancestral Hall and the Collection of Burials and Sangxian””[③] Therefore, the volumes compiled by the “Church of the Qing Dynasty” were heavy and easy to approach, and it was not easy to hide. He collected the gift books and also collected the ceremony of this dynasty, and combined all the systems of the crown and wedding ceremony, and considered the benefits and benefits into a book. The period of the work was clear and simple, The general secretary of the General Secretary Wang and the Ministry of Representatives agreed with the Ministry. “[④]

So, according to the will of the emperor, the ceremony was translated into a book, and the period of the work was clear and simple. These were very consistent with the characteristics of “Family Gift”, so it naturally became the official first choice for “treatment of ancient and modern times”. For example, the “Yu Zi” system of the Qing royal family, that is, “every ten years, the prefecture asked Zong Ling Zong Zheng to serve as the chief officer, and the document was compiled according to the annual yellow and red registry. The imperial system was the system and the order was 2019.” [⑤] The Man clan originally had no such system. After the establishment of the Qing Palace under the influence of “Family Gift”, it was established to revise the “Yu Zi” system and establish the clan members.The mansion “controls the royal family’s ownership of the royal family, and prepares jade certificates to distinguish them from others, and prefaces the titles”[⑥]. According to statistics, the Qing Dynasty practiced the “Jade Book” 28 times, with more than 1,100 books, which is the highest royal family member.

For example, the “family gifts” of the crowd, hum, sacrificial ceremony were severely revised and renovated according to the “family gifts”. At the burial ceremony, the sacred tribe originally adopted “cremation”, and later followed the “Family Gift” and changed it to burial because Zhu Zi strongly opposed “cremation” and regarded it as “unfilial”. Therefore, Emperor Qianlong issued a clear order to stop cremation, saying:

In ancient times, those who were buried with thick clothes were buried in the middle and wilderness. In later generations, sages changed their coffin and filial piety, so they were more open and approachable. In the dynasty, the dynasty was in charge of military service.博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网</a Since the establishment of the tripod, the Eight Banners and Mongolia each have their own residences, and the tombs of the ancestors all covered the country. The burial can be kept in accordance with the ancient times, but the customs are not observed, or the cremation is still used, and the reason why the ancestral tombs is not considered is that it was necessary. I think that the most important thing is to lose one's life. Can you not reflect on the pain of customizing it because of time? If the person who was in a remote country could not carry the coffin back to the inside and had to be buried, he would not be able to hear that he would not be allowed to cremate the rest. If there is any offender, the crime will be convicted according to the law, and the clan leader and the assistants will not be reported and taken into account. [⑦]

In terms of weddings, according to the customs of the original tribe, in the family where the princess is married, the magistrate and his parents must kneel to the princess for a gift every morning. If the princess has any gifts, they must kneel and bow to the princess. Later, Emperor Daoguang believed that the gift was inconsistent and violated the “Family Gi